📊 Intersection of A and B. 3.2 LEFT JOIN (or LEFT OUTER JOIN) Returns ALL rows from the left table, matched rows from the right table. NULL if no match.
SELECT * FROM students RIGHT JOIN courses ON students.id = courses.student_id; | id | name | student_id | course | |------|-------|------------|---------| | 1 | Alice | 1 | Math | | 2 | Bob | 2 | Science | | NULL | NULL | 4 | Art | RIGHT JOIN is less common; you can usually rewrite it as a LEFT JOIN by swapping table order. 3.4 FULL OUTER JOIN Returns ALL rows from both tables. Matches where available, NULL elsewhere.
SELECT * FROM students CROSS JOIN courses; Result: 3 × 3 = 9 rows. A table joined with itself. Useful for hierarchical data (e.g., employee-manager). sql joins notes pdf
Document Version 2.0 – Last updated: 2026-04-17
| id | name | |----|---------| | 1 | Alice | | 2 | Bob | | 3 | Charlie | 📊 Intersection of A and B
| student_id | course | |------------|-----------| | 1 | Math | | 2 | Science | | 4 | Art | Returns only rows with matching keys in BOTH tables.
SELECT e.name, d.dept_name FROM employees e JOIN departments d ON e.dept_id = d.dept_id; Assume two tables: SELECT * FROM students RIGHT JOIN courses ON students
📊 Union of A and B. 3.5 CROSS JOIN Cartesian product – every row in A paired with every row in B. (Use with caution!)